As gas chromatography (GC) technology continues to expand into various fields, it has become a standard analytical tool in component analysis. The proper usage, regular maintenance, and effective troubleshooting of the instrument have become essential for most users. Despite its widespread use, many issues and malfunctions are unavoidable during operation. However, due to limited understanding of the instrument's structure or lack of experience, users often find themselves overwhelmed when problems arise, unable to resolve them effectively.
To address this growing challenge, it is crucial to provide users with comprehensive, easy-to-understand guidance on fault diagnosis, troubleshooting, and routine maintenance. This resource should not only help identify common problems but also offer practical solutions that can be implemented quickly and efficiently.
**Classification of Instrument Faults:**
1. **Based on the location of the fault:**
- (1) Faults in the gas path, valve system, and mechanical components.
- (2) Faults in the detector assembly.
- (3) Electrical or electronic failures in the main unit.
2. **Based on the type of failure phenomenon:**
- (1) Gas path issues such as leaks or blockages.
- (2) Startup failures like inability to power on or activation of safety protection.
- (3) Temperature control problems including abnormal temperature display, no heating, or uncontrolled heating.
- (4) Abnormal chromatographic peaks such as noise, drift, or unexpected peaks.
- (5) Issues with detector zeroing or amplifier calibration.
3. **Based on the cause of the failure:**
- (1) Malfunctions caused by incorrect installation, operation, or maintenance by the user.
- (2) Failures due to aging, wear, or component degradation over time.
- (3) Factory-related defects, such as poor assembly or substandard parts that do not meet industry standards.
4. **Based on the severity of the fault:**
- (1) Complete failure of all instrument functions.
- (2) Partial failure of certain functions.
- (3) Damage to internal components.
- (4) No damage to internal components.
**Common Issues and Solutions:**
1. **No peak detected after injection:**
If the signal does not change and the output remains a straight line, check the syringe, inlet, and detector step by step. Possible causes include a clogged syringe, leaking septum in the inlet or detector, column leakage, or an obstructed detector outlet. Each issue requires specific maintenance depending on the root cause.
2. **Peak loss or poor separation:**
This may result from contamination in the gas path. Begin by checking the gas path and performing multiple empty runs to clean it. High-temperature cleaning, reducing high-boiling oils, and increasing temperatures at the inlet, column, and detector can help reduce contamination. If not caused by contamination, consider column aging or reduced column efficiency due to system pollution.
3. **Baseline instability or drift:**
This can lead to increased measurement errors or even render the instrument unusable. First, check for changes in instrument conditions. If the carrier gas purity is low or the gas supply has been overloaded, the baseline may gradually rise. If not related to gas quality, inspect the septum for aging, whether quartz wool needs replacement, or if the detector is contaminated. Cleaning the liner and ensuring all components are properly maintained can help restore normal performance.
By understanding these common faults and their potential causes, users can take proactive steps to maintain their gas chromatographs and ensure accurate, reliable results. Regular training and access to clear troubleshooting guides can significantly improve user confidence and reduce downtime.
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